Download PDF of Class 12th MBSE HSSLC Syllabus 2024-25 for All Subjects

Table of Contents

If you are looking for a class 12th MBSE HSSLC syllabus, then you have landed on the right page. The Mizoram board has released the latest syllabus that should be followed by the students. 

So in this article, you will find the class 12th MBSE HSSLC syllabus 2024-25 for the subjects of commerce, science, and arts stream. 

Furthermore, you can also check the Class 12th Commerce Papers 2024 with the following link.



MBSE HSSLC Syllabus 2024-25 for Arts, Science, and Commerce

VSI International School Jaipur

In the following sections, you’ll get the complete MBSE HSSLC syllabus for the subjects of all the streams. If you want to download the syllabus pdf, then click on the below link.

Mizoram Board Class 12th Syllabus 2024-25 – Download PDF

Also, Check: Class 12th English Project 2024

Class 12th MBSE HSLC Syllabus 2024-25 – English

The syllabus for English is the same for all three streams. Students appearing for the MBSE HSSLC class 12th exam 2024-25, have to go through each and every topic given in the syllabus. 

SectionsTopics
Vocabulary competenciesMeaning, syllabification, spellings, word formation, vocabulary improvement, phrasal verbs, idioms, foreign words and phrases.
Grammatical competenciesSentence patterns., conditional and concessional clauses, modal auxiliaries, reported speech, relative clauses, the transformation of sentences, and passivization.
Listening CompetenciesComprehension passage containing six-eight lines, short passages, ease of breath, CNN news panel discussion, coherence.
Reading competencesDescriptive, argumentative, factual, and literary texts.
Writing competenciesScientific and factual discourse, interesting texts, reports, relevant situations, non-verbal information, projects, advertisements, et cetera.
Study skillsDictionaries, library facilities, internet, verbal and non-verbal texts, lectures, books and journals, essays of students, email language.
OccupationalReport writing, presenting messages, picture composition, presenting facts and figures in a systematic method, advertisements, and more.
Strategic competenciesSamples of pupil language, areas of doubt, hesitation, and more.
Creative competenciesEssay writing, poem writing, critical appraisal, scriptwriting for interviews, cartoon scripts, travelogues, captions for photographs, translation.
Speaking competenciesIntroduction to topics through group discussions, greeting, introduction, and giving information, disagreeing peacefully, projecting one’s image, expressing gratitude, welcome address, vote of thanks, and more.

Also Check: Project of Class 12th Accountancy


12th MBSE HSLC Mathematics Syllabus

Mathematics is a practical based subject. The syllabus for maths is the same for both science and commerce streams Students appearing for MBSE HSSLC class 12th exam 2024-25 should practice maths very well, then only students can achieve good marks in their examination. Every topic mentioned in class 12th MBSE HSSLC syllabus 2024-25 is mandatory for students to study. 

SectionsTopics
Systems  of equationsSystems of linear equations, methods of solution
Application of matricesMatrices for transformations: Matrices for Translation, Reflection, Rotation, Glide reflection, Shear and Stretch, Isometry, and similarity matrices for the same.
Analytical geometryDefinition of a conic, Derivation of the standard equation of Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola and Rectangular Hyperbola, Chords, Tangents & Normals, and more.
Vector algebraVectors and Scalars Representations of vectors and operations of addition and subtraction, Scalar and vector products, Triple products, products 4 vectors, and more.
Application of differentiationDerivative as a rate measurer, Derivative as a measure of slope, Mean Value Theorems, Curve tracing, et cetera.
Application of integrationDefinite integral and its applications
Differential equations Formation of differential equations, I order and II Order Linear Equations, Applications.
Probability distributionRandom variable, probability functions, mathematical expectation, discrete and continuous distribution.
Complex numberComplex Algebra Fundamental operations on complex numbers, Applications.
Algebraic structuresRings. Integral Domains and Fields, Group Structure.

Class 12 MBSE Physics Syllabus

Students appearing for class 12th MBSE HSSLC exam 2024-25 should go through the syllabus very minutely. Physics is a subject in which students must devote their time to studying. 

SectionsTopics
Current electricityElectric Current, drift velocity, Ohm’s law, Electrical resistivity, superconductivity, Combination of resistors, Electric power, and more.
Effects of electric currentHealing effect, Joule’s law, magnetic effect of electric current, Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron, Conversion to ammeter and voltmeter, Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, and more.
Electromagnetic induction and alternating currentElectromagnetic induction, Alternating current, Eddy current, AC generator, methods of inducing emf, self-induction.
Electromagnetic waves and wave opticsElectromagnetic waves and their characteristics, Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves, Emission and Absorption spectrum, Theories of light, Wavefront and Huygens principle, etc.
Atomic physicsAtomic structure, Bohr’s model, Sommerfield’s atom model, Quantum numbers, x -rays production properties, detection, absorption, diffraction of x – rays, and more.
Dual nature of radiation and matterThe photo-electric effect, Photocells and their application, Matter waves, electron microscope.
Nuclear physicsNuclear properties, Nuclear mass defect, Nature of Nuclear forces, Neutron discovery, Radioactivity, Nuclear fission.
RelativityConcept of space, time and mass, Frame of reference, Newtonian relativity, Special theory of relativity, Doppler effect of light,
Semiconductor devices and their applicationsSemiconductor theory, Semiconductor doping, Formation of P-N Junction, Diode as a rectifier, Junction – transistors, Measuring Instruments, and more.
Communication systemsModes of propagation ground wave, Amplitude modulation, Antennas, and Transmission lines, TV.Transmission and reception, Video signal analysis, and more.

Class 12th MBSE Chemistry Syllabus 2024-25

Chemistry is categorized into 3 sections. Students appearing for MBSE HSSLC class 12th exam 2024-25 should prepare for chemistry subjects very well. Students should learn all the chemical reactions, learn all the laws, practical numerical questions, solve derivatives, and do chemical experiments to understand the chemical phenomenon. Every topic in the MBSE HSSLC class 12th syllabus 2024-25 is mandatory for students to study.

SectionsChapters
Inorganic chemistryAtomic Structure II, Periodic Table, Coordination compounds & bio coordination compounds, Nuclear Chemistry, etc.
Physical chemistrySolid State, Thermodynamics, Chemical Equilibrium, Chemical Kinetics, Surface Chemistry, Electro Chemistry, Electro Chemistry II, etc.
Organic chemistryIsomerism in Organic Chemistry, Hydroxy derivatives, Ethers, Carbonyl Compounds, Carboxylic acid, Organic Nitrogen Compounds, Biomolecules, Chemistry in Action, Problems in Chemistry.

Class 12th MBSE HSLC Syllabus 2024-25 – Accountancy

The account is a subject that is mainly based on practical questions. But students also need to learn the theory of Accountancy. Accountancy needs regular practice then only students are able to attempt questions in the exam. All the topics mentioned in the class 12th MBSE HSSLC Syllabus 2024-25 are mandatory. 

Units Topics
Accounts from incomplete records- IMeaning and Definition; Features and limitations; Differences between incomplete records and double entry system; Statement of Affairs Method: Steps to be followed; Distinction between Statement of affair and Balance Sheet; Conversion method: Steps to be followed; Statement of affairs method; Conversion method
Accounts of non profit organisationsIntroduction; Receipts and Payments Account: Meaning, Format; Income and Expenditure Account: Meaning, Format; Distinction between Receipts and Payments A/c and Income and Expenditure A/c; Balance Sheet; Items peculiar to non-profit organizations which require special treatment
Partnership accounts- basic conceptsPartnership: Meaning and Features; Features ofLimited Liability Partnership; Partnership deed; Relevant provisions of Indian Partnership Act 1932 in the absence of partnership deed; Types of Partners; Fixed/fluctuating capital accounts; Interest on capital and Interest on drawings; Salary and commission; Division of profits among partners; Profit and loss appropriation account
Treatment of goodwill in partnership accountsGoodwill: Meaning and nature; Methods of valuation of Goodwill; Average profit method; Super profit method; Capitalisation method; Need for valuation of goodwill in partnership
Partnership- admissionIntroduction; Sacrificing ratio and new profit sharing ratio; Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities; Adjustment for Goodwill; Accounting treatment of reserves and accumulated profits; Revaluationaccount, capital account and Balance Sheet of a new firm
Partnership accounts- retirementsMeaning and reasons for retirement; Gaining ratio and new profit sharing ratio; Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities; Adjustment for Goodwill; Accountingtreatment of distribution of reserves and accumulated profits; Revaluation account, capital account, and Balance Sheet after retirement
Partnership accounts- death of a partnerMeaning; New profit sharing ratio and gaining ratio; Revaluation of Assets and liabilities; Adjustment for goodwill; Distribution of accumulated profits and losses; Amount due to deceased partner’s executor; Settlement of amount due
Company accounts- ICompany: Definition and characteristics; Characteristics of a Company; Different types of shares and share capital; Accounting treatment for issue of shares at par, Premium, and discount; Oversubscription and under subscription of shares; Forfeitures and reissue of shares
Financial statement analysis- IFinancial Statements: Meaning and Features; Significance & Limitations; Format of company final accounts as perCompanies Act, 2013; Tools of financial statement analysis: Common size statement, Comparative statement, Trend Analysis, Funds Flow statement, Cash Flow Statement
Financial statement analysis- IICommon size Financial Statements; ComparativeFinancial Statements; Trend Analysis
Financial statement analysis- IIIAccounting Ratios: Meaning and Definition; Objectives and importance; Advantages and imitations; Classification of Ratios on the basis of financial statements and functions; Computation of ratios
Computer application in accounting- IApplication of computerized accounting system; Automating the accounting system; Designing the accounting reports; Data exchange with other information systems
Computer application in accounting- IIApplication of Computerised account system- “Tally with GST package”; Practical on Application of accounting software- Creation of Company, Accountsgroup, etc. and generation of reports

Class 12th Mizoram Board Business Studies Syllabus

Business studies is a theory-based subject. In this subject, you will learn how the business runs, how partnership firms form, the insight of an organization, and many more. Students are advised to make notes and do maximum revision. All the topics in the class 12th MBSE HSSLC syllabus 2024-25 are mandatory to study. 

ChaptersTopics
OrganizationMeaning and Types of Organization
Sole traderMeaning of sole trader, Special features of a sole trader, Merits of a sole trader, Demerits of a sole trader.
partnershipDefinition of partnership, Special features of partnership, Similarities between sole trader and partnership, Merits and Demerits of Partnership, Types of Partnership, Kinds of Partners, Rights and Duties of partners, Partner’s express and Implied authority, Partnership Deed, Dissolution of partnership, and more.
Companies I and IIDefinitions, Differences between partnership and company, Kinds of companies, a public company, a private company, Privileges of a private company, Differences between a private company and public company, Formation of a company, Memorandum of Association, Articles of Association, Prospectus, Shares, Allotment of shares, DebenturesTypes, Differences between Shares and Debentures.
Stock exchangeIntroduction, Procedures regarding new Issues, Stock Exchange, Investors and speculatorsDifferences, SEBI, Mutual funds, Bombay Online Trading (BOLT).
Co-operativesDefinition, Merits, and Demerits, Types of Cooperatives, Differences between companies and cooperatives.
Government in businessIntroduction, Types, Public Corporation, Government Companies, Differences between the private sector and the public sector.

Class 12th Mizoram Board Economics Syllabus 2024-25

Class 12th students need to study economics. This will help students to know the economy of India as well as Mizoram very well. Students appearing for Mizoram class 12th exam 2024-25 should understand the concepts of market, demand, and supply, how money supplies in the economy, different government policies, and many more. 

UnitsTopics
Economic growth and economic developmentMeaning and Differences between Growth and development; Conceptualization of Economic Growth;

Characteristics of Developing and Developed Economy;

Leibenstein’s model of Economic Characteristics of Developing Countries; Indian Models of EconomicsDevelopment – V.K.R.V. Rao; B.R. Ambedkar; C.N. Vakil; A.K. Sen; M.K. Gandhi

Population  and human resource developmentMalthusian devil of Population; Demographic dividend;Present Status of Population Growth – Census of India; SexRatio; Literacy Rate; Dropouts – Primary & Upper Primary;Life Expectancy; Standard of Living; Infant Mortality Rate;Child Mortality; Maternal Mortality Rate; Crude BirthRate/Crude Death Rate; Neonatal Mortality and PostnatalMortality; Meaning and Development of Human Resource;Source of Human Capital – Universalization of Education,Provision of Health Care, Social Infrastructure (Housing,Electricity, LPG, Drinking water and Toilets),Vocationalization of Education; Higher Education :University Grants Commission (UGC), National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT), Directorate of Technical Education (DTE), Directorate of CollegiateEducation (DCE), Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), National Council for Teacher Education(NCTE), National Council of Vocational Training (NCVT);Medical Council of India (MCI)
Poverty and unemploymentMeaning, Types of Poverty and Unemployment; Causes of Poverty and Unemployment; Various programmes for Generation of Employment and Alleviation of Poverty; Critical assessment of Poverty estimates; State initiatives for poverty reduction For example, AmmaUnavagam
National incomeMeaning and Definitions of National Income; Gross Domestic Product (GDP); Net Domestic Product (NDP); Gross National Product (GNP); Net National Product (NNP); Per capita Income; Personal Income; Disposable Income; Features of National Income; Circular flow of NationalIncome; Method of measuring National Income : Outputmethod; Income method; Expenditure method; Difficulties in the measurement of National Income : Transfer payments; Income of foreign firms; Unpaid services; Income from illegal activities; Treatment of Government sector; Production of self-consumption; Changing price level; Practical difficulties of counting National Income : Doublecounting; Existence of non-monetized sector; Lack of occupational specialization; Inadequate and unreliable data; Capital gains or losses; Depreciation; Valuation of inventories; Illiteracy and ignorance; Sectoral contribution to National Income: Primary Sector; Secondary Sector; Tertiary Sector
Theories of distributionMarginal Productivity Theory of Distribution; Theories of Rent (Ricardian, Modern & Quasi-rent); Theories of Wages(Marginal Productivity Theory) Market, Bargaining, Wage and Residual Claimant theory) ; Theories of Interest(Classical, Neo-classical and Keynesian); Theories of Profit(Walker, MPT, Wage, Dynamic, Innovation, Risk-bearing and Uncertainty
Theories of employmentClassical Theory of Employment; Full Employment; Say’s Law of Market; Aggregate Demand Function, AggregateSupply Function; MPC and MPS, APC and APS concepts; Effective Demand; Keynesian Psychological Law of Consumption; Keynesian Notion of Under Employment; Multiplier and Accelerator – Super; Multiplier; InvestmentFunction; IS-LM Function; Classicism versus; Keynesianism; Phillips Curve; Lorenz Curve
International tradeMeaning and Significance; Why to Trade?; Economic Reforms -1991: Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization; Trade Policy Developments: General Agreement on Trade &Tariff (GATT) & General agreement on Trade in Services(GATS), World Trade Organization (WTO), Tariff Reform Programs; Indian Economy During Reforms: An Assessment: Growth and Employment, Reforms in Agriculture, Reforms in Industry, Disinvestment, Reforms and Fiscal Policies; Balance of Payments and Investment Policy: Balance of Trade, Exchange Rate Determinations –Clean float Dirty float, Foreign Exchange Management Act(FEMA), Foreign Exchange Reserves, Tariff, and Non-tariff barriers
Monetary and fiscal policiesMeaning and Definitions of Money; Kinds of Money; Functions of Money; Demand for Money; Supply of Money; Black Money and Demonetization ; Money Markets & Capital Markets :Treasury Bill Markets, Call Money Markets, Mutual Funds, Stock Exchange (NSE, BSE and CSE), Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI);Banks and Credit Instruments; Monetary Tools : Bank Rate, Open Market Operations, Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR),Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR), Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate, Selective Credit Control Measures, Cheap money policy and Dear money policy; Digital Transactions; Fiscal Policy : Meaning and Objectives, Budget: Components of Budget: Revenue Budget, Capital Budget, Budget Receipts; Revenue Receipts: Revenue Deficits, Capital Deficits, Fiscal Deficits and Budget Deficit, Tax Revenue: Direct Tax, Indirect Tax, Goods and Services Tax(GST); Non-Tax Revenue: Interest and dividend on investments, Fees, License Fee, Fines, and penalties, Escheats; Capital Receipts: Borrowings, Recovery of loans, Other Receipts; Budget Expenditure: Revenue Expenditure, Capital Expenditure; Types of Government Budget: Balanced Budget, Surplus Budget, Deficit Budget; Macroeconomic Policy: Meaning and Types of Inflation ,Anti-inflationary measures, Deflation, Stagflation; Macro Goals: Full employment, Price Stability, Exchange rate Stability, Balanced Economic Growth, Growth with social Justice, Inclusive Growth
Economy and resource managementProfiles of Resources: Land, Forests, Labor: Organized, Un-organized; Capital: Physical capital, Financial capital, Social capital, Foreign capital, Human capital; Organization: Public sector, Private sector, Public sector Disinvestment, Equity versus Efficiency; Disaster Management: Tsunami, Earthquake, Flood & Fire, Drought, Famine, Cyclone; Information Management: Information on competitive examinations, Awareness of TNPSC/UPSC and other Competitive examinations; Transparency and Good Governance: Economics of Corruption, Transparency in Natural Resource Utilization
Environmental and sustainable development Meaning of Environment and Development Functions; Definition of Sustainable Development; Types of Pollution :Air pollution, Water pollution, Noise pollution, Thermal pollution, Land pollution, Marine Pollution, Radio active element; Land Degradation; Soil Degradation; Solid Waste Management; E-waste; Linkages of Environment with Economy; Significance to Environmental Valuation :Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), Hedonic Pricing Method, Travel cost Method, Production Function Approach, Cost-Benefit Analysis; Market Goods; Non-market Goods; Forest Resources: Direct use value: Timber Harvesting, Bird Watching, and Hiking, Non-use value :Soil Stabilization, Climate Stabilization, Ground Water Stabilization; Water Resource Management :Kudimaramathumurai, Rainwater harvesting, Recycling of waste water, Sprinkler Irrigation, Drip Irrigation, Groundwater recharge Shaft, Watershed management- Check Dams Percolation ponds; Integrated Farming System; Environmental awareness Programmes; Global Warming and Climate Change Challenges; Green initiatives Nadu; Preservation of Biodiversity
Statistical techniques in economiesBasic Statistical Tools for Economic Analysis: Mean, Median and Mode, Mean deviation, Quartile deviation, Standard deviation and Harmonic deviation, Co-variance, Simple correlation, and Simple regression, Rank Correlation, Karl Pearson coefficient of correlation, Laspeyres, Paasche and Fisher’s Indices; Introduction to Probability: Binomial and Poisson Distribution
Basic econometricsMeaning, Definitions, and Objectives of Econometrics; Scope of Econometrics; Single Equation Regression Model: Nature of Regression Analysis, Two variable Regression Analysis: Some basic ideas, Ordinary Least Square Estimation (OLSE), Non-linear Regression, Panel Data  Analysis, Time-Series data Analysis, Graphical Method

Must Check: Class 12 Economics Books for 2024-25 session.


Class 12th MBSE HSLC History Syllabus 2024-25

History is a theory subject. In history, students need to learn all the important dates and events related to India and the World. In this subject, students will learn about modern India, about wars that happened in India, and many more. Students need to learn every topic in the class 12th MBSE HSSLC syllabus 2024-25.

UnitsTopics
History of Modern IndiaIndia under East India Company’s Rule, Education under the Company’s rule, British rule, The Great Revolt of 1857, Changes in Indian administration after 1858, India’s Freedom Movement, Role of India’s Freedom Movement, India after independence – Social, Economic, Scientific and Technological Progress.
Modern world historyRenaissance, the American war of independence, the French Revolution, Industrial, and Agricultural Revolutions, the Spread of Colonialism, the Russian Revolution, Rise of Fascism and Nazism, the Second World War, the Growth of Asian Nations China and Japan after the Second World War, UNO, Cold War.

Steps to Download Class 12th MBSE HSSLC Syllabus 2024-25

Students can download the MBSE HSSLC syllabus 2024-25 from the official website. Here are steps that will guide students to easily download the New MBSE HSSLC Syllabus 2024-25 for class 12th. The steps are as follows:

Step 1: Visit the official website of the Mizoram Board.

Step 2: Select the “MBSE HSSLC Syllabus for class 12th 2024-25” link.

Step 3: A new window will appear on the screen. Click on the download button to download the Mizoram board syllabus.

Step 4: Download the pdf file for future reference.


MBSE HSSLC Syllabus 2024-25- Subject Scheme

The scheme of subjects for class 12thMBSE HSSLC Syllabus 2024-25 is mentioned below. For a better understanding of the Mizoram board syllabus, students must keep this point in their minds.

  1. There are 4 compulsory subjects that each student has to appear for the MBSE HSSLC exam 2024-25.
  2. Commerce stream students have to choose 3 or more elective subjects.
  3. Science and commerce stream students both can opt for maths or computer application as additional subjects.
  4. He/she will have to choose at least two languages English, Mizo, Hindi, Assamese, Bengali, Manipuri, Nepali, Khasi, Garo, and Tynyidie.
  5. It is mandatory to choose English or Hindi out of two languages and the other one can be any of the above.

Tips to Prepare for MBSE HSSLC Class 12th Exam 2024-25

Here are some tips that will guide students to prepare for the MBSE HSSLC class 12th exam 2024-25. It is very important to make plans for how to prepare for exams. The tips to prepare for MBSE HSSLC class 12th exam 2024-25 are as follows:

  1. The most important thing before making any routine preparations for the MBSE HSSLC 12th exam is that students should go through the MBSE HSSLC syllabus 2024-25 thoroughly.
  2. Students should refer to books in which all the topics are given and in simple language.
  3. Students should make a daily routine and should devote most of their time to studying.
  4. Students are advised to make notes and solve questions, and also students must solve the previous year’s question papers.
  5. Students must try to complete their class 12th MBSE HSSLC syllabus before time so that they get enough time for preparations.
  6. The most important point students must keep in mind is that they must avoid distractions and stress.

Mizoram Board 2024-25 Exam Pattern

The Exam Pattern or marking scheme of the Mizoram Board 2024-25 is as follows:

  1. Class 12th Mizoram Board Exam consists of theory and practical exams.
  2. The duration of the class 12th Mizoram Board exam is 3 hours. Students have to complete the exam within 3 hrs, no extra time will be provided to the students.
  3. All the questions in the Mizoram Board exam 2024-25 are based on the Mizoram Board class 12th syllabus 2024-25.
  4. Each paper consists of 100 marks.
  5. Students have to pass both the theory and practical exams.
  6. The passing marks for the Mizoram Board class 12th exam 2024-25 are 33%. 

Also Check:  Mizoram Board class 12th Result


 


About VSI Jaipur

VSI Jaipur provides the best 12th commerce classes for Accounts, Maths, BST and Economics subjects. By taking tuition from VSI, you can build solid concepts and get high grades in your 12th board exams. Further, if you aspire to become a CA, you can join our coaching classes and clear the CA exams on the first attempt. VSI Jaipur is the best CA Coaching in India and our students have scored the ever-highest marks in CA IPCC, Intermediate and Final exams. Moreover, our 7 students got AIR 1 in the last 10 years.

Further, we also provide the best CMA and ACCA coaching classes for all levels. So, join VSI Jaipur’s online or offline classes to get the best class 12th result and build a strong foundation for CA/CMA/ACCA.


FAQs

Q1. From where students can check the class 12th MBSE HSSLC syllabus 2024-25?

Ans: Students can download the class 12th MBSE HSSLC syllabus 2024-25 from the official website or this page.

Q2. What are the important topics for the class 12th MBSE HSSLC exam 2024-25?

Ans: Every topic that is mentioned in the class 12th MBSE HSSLC syllabus 2024-25 is mandatory for the exam.

Q3. What are the minimum passing marks for class 12th MBSE HSSLC exam 2024-25?

Ans: Minimum passing marks for class 12th MBSE HSSLC exam 2024-25 is 33 percent.

Q4. Where are all the exam centers for Mizoram Board?

Ans: Exam centers for Mizoram boards are in different cities. Cities are Lunglei, Kolasib, Mamit, Serchhip, Champa, Lawngtlai, and Saiha.

Q5. How to register for the Mizoram Board Exam for class 12th students?

Ans: Class 12th students can register for the Mizoram Board exam 2024-25 from their school or from the official website of the Mizoram Board.

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